Daniel Faraday's name is based on Michael Faraday, a famous physicist. Michael Faraday discovered a relationship between light rays and electromagnetism and Daniel mentions the scattered light on the island.
The character Charlotte Staples Lewis' name is derived from Clives Staples Lewis, better known as C.S. Lewis, the late Irish author and scholar known for his writings on Christian apologetics, and, most famously, the children's series The Chronicles of Narnia.
The serial numbers on the tail of the helicopter that Frank Lapidus lands on the island are "N842M." 8 and 42 are both in the sequence of Hurley's "numbers."
The Numbers: The number 15 can be seen on a poster in the room Miles visits in his flashback.
During one of Miles' flashbacks a news report playing on his car's radio announces that all 324 passengers of Oceanic flight 815 have been confirmed dead. One-third of 324 is 108, the total number of minutes on the countdown timer in the hatch and the sum of the numerical code 4-8-15-16-23-42.