User Reviews

I though this film was going to be nothing but juvenile nonsense. How pleased I was when I discovered that it was a lot livelier and energetic than I predicted.

The voice-over never once annoyed me as I thought it would and everyone in this movie seems to go overboard with their characters. Yet, despite all the energy and frenetic comedy, the film never feels indulgent.

The plot is, of course, nonsense. But then again you hardly want a family movie to have a labyrinth plot. Dudley Do-Right may have flopped but I don't know why. It's in the same field as the terrible "Waterboy" but that made over $100, 000, 000. This I won't understand. Maybe it's only because Canadians will truly love the intellectually-challenged Mountie.

During his rise to stardom, Brendan Fraser had become quite the leading man when it came to films in the family and adventure genres. After getting his big break with Disney in Jay Ward's live-action George of the Jungle (1997) and landed in the smash hit movie reboot The Mummy (1999), he had the reputation as a solid bankable star. Which naturally led him back to participating in a film quite similar to that of George of the Jungle (1997). Stepping back into the cartoon live-action genre, Fraser landed the role of Dudley Do-Right (1999), another Jay Ward based cartoon. Sadly, this one didn't have the same appeal. While it does have its moments there are several problems too.

The Dudley Do-Right (1969) cartoon was a short lived show that didn't make it past 1 season and was very much similar in plot to that of Popeye. For this feature, it was kept the same where Dudley Do-Right (Brendan Fraser) the protagonist has been working to do his best to outsmart Snidely Whiplash (Alfred Molina), his childhood (now grown up) arch enemy. Together these two old foes square off for the affections of Nell Fenwick (Sarah Jessica Parker) who can't seem to make up her mind as to who is the better individual. As if it was hard to tell. The adaption was written and directed by Hugh Wilson, a veteran of many comedies in the past like Police Academy (1984) and Rhustler's Rhapsody (1985). The difference is, those were original works.

Here Wilson seems to struggle between what exactly is necessary and what isn't for a number of components. Right from the start, the movie begins with a Jay Ward Short under the "Fractured Fairy Tales" banner. Unlike George of the Jungle (1997) and even The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle, which began as cartoons and led into the live action feature. Here the cartoon short is comical, but completely unrelated to the feature. What is the point? But that's not the only thing that drags, the pacing tends to feel overly drawn out for needless reasons too. There's a number of scenes where dance numbers take center stage over carrying the plot through. They are well choreographed, but that doesn't take away the pointlessness of having it.

There's also weak character development among the main characters. Nell really doesn't change and neither does Snidely. Really it's just Dudley who is shown this from a hobo played by Eric Idle. And while there are certain aspects to the supporting characters that can be important, most don't move the plot. There's also appearances from Robert Prosky as Nell's father. Alex Rocco plays the Chief of a Native American tribe and Jack Kehler plays one of Snidely's right hand henchmen. Lastly there's Corey Burton who oddly enough sounds like Keith Scott's impression of the narrator from George of the Jungle (1997) and The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle (2000). All in all, the actors act okay. It's just the script that stilts them in making their characters any more likable.

Cinematography on the other hand was well shot by Donald E. Thorin, cameraman of Lock Up (1989), Tango & Cash (1989) and Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995). Again, while some scenes were not crucial to have in the picture, they were all competently filmed with a wide angle lens. As for music, Steve Dorff served as composer to the film. And while an official soundtrack nor score was released, the music matches the scenes at hand and the TV show theme is revisited. Out of the three cartoon movies mentioned, The Adventures of Rocky & Bullwinkle (2000) was the only film to get its own score released. So weird.

This cartoon live-action adaptation isn't as bad as the score says it is, but it is not that great either. There are some funny moments, the actors try, the camerawork is well done and the music fits. Yet there are several over padded scenes, little character development and unneeded characters.

I read some of the reviews here before watching this and was expecting a bomb but it surprised me to the upside. Fraser does a good job as dudley though why they had him play the role 30 pounds overweight, i don't know. I've never liked Sarah Jessica Parker because she's not pretty but she's well cast here as Nell, who is not supposed to be that good-looking anyway. In the cartoon series she played something of a vamp constantly chasing the clueless dudley. In the movie they inexplicably left that side of her out and she's just dudley's (and snidley's) girl. Speaking of snidley he is, as expected, the real star. Alfred Molina does a great job. Without him this show would have been a bomb.

What we have here is a failure to communicate any of the satire created by genius Jay Ward! Mr. Wilson made so many mistakes in telling Dudley's story that I believe this is simply not the Dudley Do-Right story, this was someone elses story. The set up should have centered more on the Mounties and less on Whiplash's plan, which dominated the entire film. Never once did Dudley have to rescue Nell, in fact, she seemed smittened by Whiplash. This gave less-than-attractive Sara Jessica Parker very little to do, not that as an actress, she has much to bring to the table. Aside from this, her character, Nell, was (under) written as though the writer (s) didn't want the character in the first place. Maybe, because Parker was re-cast in the role. Second Choice?

The character of Horse, which could have been an interesting character asset to Dudley were is not for the fact that he disappears a quarter into the film without explanation, was handled wrong. Likewise, Eric Idle's character seemed as though he might have been three separate characters in an original draft of the script. And now strung together, so the producers could use Idle's talents.

The flavor of the original cartoon is no where to be found.

Fraser and Alex Rocco were as wonderful as Parker and Molina were not up to snuff. However considering what they had to work with -- they were all okay ... silly set-ups, no pay offs and a script that seemed aimless at times leaves devotees of genius Jay Ward saddened.

Jay Ward's cute but bland cartoon about Canada's No. #1 Mountie plays even worse when brought to the big screen as a live-action comic adventure. Brendan Fraser is spirited and very adept at buffoonish slapstick, but he's not the right actor for Dudley Do-Right; he's a big, handsome lunk, and he's cheerful enough, but he doesn't know how to mug, nor is he helped by his limited voice (a deep monotone). It's always nice to see Sarah Jessica Parker in a film, but she isn't cast right either; as love-interest Nell, Parker gets no funny lines, she's too modern and grounded a presence, although she does help enliven a dance sequence about 47 minutes into the proceedings. Alfred Molina attempts to have fun as egomaniacal villain Snidely Whiplash, but his voice and fake mustache are his only props. The pithy announcer gets some dryly comic lines and Dudley's horse (named Horse, ha ha) shoots off a few raspberries, but this is a very dim slapstick vehicle, short on inspiration, poorly conceived and even more unmemorable than its cartoon predecessor. * from ****

Brendan Fraser wasted his time and talent and Sarah Jessica Parker made the biggest movie mistake in choosing to star in "Dudley Do-Right."

"Dudley Do-Right" is the type of movie everyone hopes will be a success. Unfortunately, the writing did not measure up to the level of talent that signed on to the movie. It is always fun to watch comedic spoofs if they are written well and are logical. However, this film broke both these rules.

It was clear that there was no plot or humor in "Dudley Do-Right." The only thing that made it bearable was the narrator because he is the only character who kept my interest.

SKIP this movie because you will be sorely disappointed if you don't

First, may I humbly beseech the forgiveness of the Canadian People, for yet another AWFUL characterization of your people and your country. You have every right to be duly proud of the heritage of the R.C.M.P./Gendarmerie royale du Canada.

DUDLEY DO-RIGHT, the motion picture (yet another money seeking "parody" on cartoons of the 1960's...BORIS AND NATASHA, GEORGE OF THE JUNGLE, etc.) had the potential. Brendan Fraser is a very talented actor, and is not too darn hard on the eyes...*ahem*. Sarah Jessica Parker, Alfred Molina, Alex Rocco, Eric Idle and one of my favorite character actors, Robert Prosky, head up the cast. So, what exactly went wrong? Well, how about a lame, unfunny script that made for 83 minutes of painful viewing? I think we're getting WARM.

Very few chuckles here, provided mostly by Eric Idle and Alex Rocco, who do the best with what they have. This was the only thing that saved DUDLEY DO-RIGHT from being a complete catastrophe. If this is the only thing left on the video shelf, make a night of it with a game of Monopoly or Yahtzee, instead. You'll thank yourself in the morning.

This actually wasn't as bad as you might think. It's harmless fluff, silly in many parts but also a movie filled with likable characters and good adult jokes that go over the kids' heads. It's clean stuff: references to other movies and things. It's one of these films you find yourself laughing more than the kids but the next day you really can't remember much that you saw. In other words, you will be entertained but it's not a memorable movie.

The horse might be in the running as the most memorable character in the film. Even the villain isn't despicable. He's more cartoon-like than evil. Alfred Molina does a nice job as "Snidely Whiplash." Eric Idle and Sarah Jessica Parker are also good in here.

Brendan Fraser, playing the title role, was on a role their for a couple of years, playing these silly, comedic roles and being successful in doing so (i.e. George Of The Jungle, Bedazzled, etc.)

Don't dismiss this as totally stupid. It will surprise you. All of us can use a good laugh and this movie provides plenty.

No, not one tiny bit of this movie can be said to be even remotely funny. How come that so many seemingly sane people get involved in a movie that only two or three persons in the whole world would find funny? Were they tricked?

The slapstick was downright pathetic and all the overcliché'd jokes make this one painful to eyes and ears. OK, there was the scene in which fireworks were being shot at attacking boats, but this scene was over before I knew, so even this will not change the rating I generously bestow on this hopeless attempt at creating humorous content.

This was a silly and funny little movie.

Everything from the narrator to the faux Indian tribe was done for laughs and it was clean family worthy viewing.

Alfred Molina makes a perfect Snidely Whiplash and how anyone can watch this film and not notice his timing, his interaction with the other actors and not be impressed is beyond me.

It's not a bad way to kill 77 minutes.

Dudley Do-Right, Canadian Mountie (Brendan Fraser) is on his post in a remote village in Canada. A lifelong resident of the area, it was Dudley's childhood dream to become a Mountie. He lives in a small cabin with only his horse, Horse, as a companion. Yet, two people from Dudley's past resurface in the small, nearby village. One is Nell (Sara Jessica Parker) who Dudley has loved since their tweenage years. She has returned from a trip around the world and is more lovely than ever. But, alas, the other returnee is the dastardly Snidely Whiplash (Alfred Molina). He was Dudley's rival for Nell's affections long ago, despite his evil and conniving ways. Soon, Snidely has taken over the town's businesses, by hook and by crook, and is making a big play for Nell's attention while Dudley manages to upset the ruling party in Ottawa and is fired from his post. The world is looking pretty harsh to Dudley, that is for certain. Will he recover his job and win the heart of Nell? This is a second, cartoon-based film for Fraser, after the infinitely more successful George of the Jungle. The same creative minds were at work here but the results are far from perfect. Don't blame the cast, however, for Fraser, Parker, and Molina, with a bit of help from Eric Idle and Alex Rocco, are the reasons to see the film at all. Simply put, they are terrific and rise above the mundane script and uneven direction. Certainly, there are some very funny scenes, such as the one in which Snidely orders a poor lady and her children out of their home or where Dudley has the bad luck to have a moose head fall on him during a critical moment with Nell. Now, that's entertainment. Unfortunately, though, a few good scenes do not a great film make. Yet, if you like silly nonsense with likable stars, you might take a chance with this film. Yes, it may elicit a yawn here or there, but it's truly not a bad way to spend a couple of leisure hours.

After the failure attempts on George of the Jungle. They now try another one, Dudley Do-Right.

About an entirely dumb Mountie who tries to make the people feel safe to walk around. Right until the villain of the town, Snidely Whiplash has stolen all the gold and money with his hundred henchmen and plots to spread it all over the rivers of Canada to create a new Gold Rush. And using the stolen money to buy out the town and turn it into his own domain. And no ones wanting to arrest him because he's giving away free gold in the river. Dudley Do-Right must find a way to stop Snidley, and show the towns people that Snidley is still the villain.

The movie has a load of pet peeves. Including script, plot, jokes, cast members, direction, and acting.

The script needed to take away all the part that sucked and replace them with stuff that doesn't suck.

The plot needed a better idea, but it didn't it made the movie unbearable within the first 1 minute of the movie.

The 3/4 of the jokes were either lame or stupid. Including the usage of the characters thinking there are vampires. It was like they couldn't think of anything that is funny.

Cast members, really poor choices and unsuitable roles. Brandon Fraiser should of skip doing this film. While Alfred Molina had far better roles than this movie.

Direction and production, the whole movie was unorganized and the director probably didn't care it was going to bomb the box office without even trying to make the flow of the movie any good. And I can tell they waisted so much money on the sets and the props for a movie that didn't even deserve to be on the silver screen.

Overrall this movie was so bad the DVDs and Videos of it are very scarce at the retail stores cause no one in their right minds would buy a below C rated movie.

Even if you manage to find it at your rental store, just be worn that it's no where close to being good.

Who started this trend of turning '60s cartoons into new live action? I'd say Spielberg with The Flintstones. That one, at least, worked. But it was, sadly, the camel's nose under the tent.

Did Hugh Wilson even WATCH any Dudley Do-Right cartoons as a kid? Did he rent videos or catch the Cartoon Channel? None of that shows.

The classic scene of the cartoon, Snidely tying Nell to the tracks ... is STILL a cartoon here. They didn't even try to render the credits it in live action as with The Flintstones.

Dudley, a blonde in the cartoon, was a brunette actor. He smiles a lot, has a big hero's chin, and is sort of dim but not such a stumblebum.

And Nell, a redhead in the cartoon, was a blonde actress. But wait ... Sarah Jessica Parker isn't REALLY blonde. She had to color her hair or wear a wig and STILL got it wrong.

Nell in the cartoon was content to live at the camp. But she was NOT stuck between Dudley and Snidely. Rather, she was stuck on HORSE!! And what happened to Horse's Mountie shirt and hat? This one in the movie was just a regular saddled horse.

Inspector Fenwick in the cartoon is the camp commandant, a fist-pounding boss, not a soft-spoken retiree. And he wears the red uniform, just like Dudley. Was Hugh Wilson being "accurate" by having someone of the inspector's rank wear black? Why bother being accurate on this obscure point if you can't get the obvious things right?

The real Snidely Whiplash has green skin. I forgive Alfred Molina for not donning greasepaint through the film. But at least we get a scene of him with a green face in the mudbath. Snidely is the ONLY character they got right.

Other problems: The cartoon very obviously took place during the Klondike or Yukon Gold Rush days. The player-piano score gave it away. We;re talking late 19th century. They would NOT have helicopters, cars, tanks, etc.

I remember, back in the '60s, the trend was the turn our beloved live-action heroes into cartoons and see them REALLY soar. Gone were the expenses of having to string George Reeves up on wires to have Superman fly. Now we could see Superman really fly and take on actual comic-book supervillains instead of always gangsters. And we got the Lone Ranger, Batman and eventually Star Trek in toon form and they all worked by doing things that would have been way too expensive in live action.

Don't any of the directors remember that these cartoons were made for a reason? Too expensive to film live!

Spielberg made The Flintstones work as nostalgia because he has the cash to be exacting in detail. For Hugh Wilson and all the rest, the lesson is simple: Watch the cartoon, note recurring themes, and most of all, don't do the show if you ain't got the dough!

The blending of time frames and clothing styles just makes things bad, NOT funny. The only amusing part of the movie is the scene with the rocks. I don't want to ruin it for you if you are tied to a railroad and made to watch this...

Brendan Fraser as Dudley Do-Right is really the only one interesting in this film. Somehow he seems to fit in these bad and silly films. I remember the cartoons in the 60's and this is no "Jay Ward" cartoon even if it would be better as a cartoon. In one scene in the film, Fraser makes the comment that he would be called Dudley Do-Wrong if he stole something which I think Brendan should take to heart about some of his film choices. Brendan has so much talent to waste in a film like this.

If the Canadians that are represented in the film as a bunch of british wannabes whose accent sound as slow as a New York Bronx resident, then I will continue to always regard Canadians as dumber than the average American bear. I have never watched the cartoon, but it is no excuse to be extremely corny and flat out totally dumb. There was another film called Inspector Gadget that took it's idea from cartoon, though it wasn't exactly like the cartoon, there were many elements which made up for it unlike Dudley Dooright. I didn't finish watching the movie because it was becoming an eyesore/earsore to continue watching a bunch of British wannabe Canadians trying to make the film funny.

There are two kinds of bad comedies. The first kind - let's call them the 'Adam Sandlers' - lazily try to dispute their indisputable 'bad' status. Braying with smarmy self-importance and bleating for affirmation, they're all the more contemptible for it. The second kind are the Dudley Do-Rights: sweet, innocent creatures, either dopily unaware or uncaring of their fundamental mediocrity. Content to simply be, they provide the basest of childish entertainment at all costs. We're talking the kind of cinema where the same 'getting bonked in the head by a loose floorboard' gag, if you can call it that, is repeated not once. Not twice, not three times. But upwards of eight. You know -in case you didn't get enough in Brendan Fraser's former George of the Jungle. But that's not the only trick up the film's sleeve! Love farting horses? Then oh boy do we have a show for you!

Tone is everything, though. And it's because of this that Dudley Do-Right, almost worrisomely idiotic as it (mostly) is, is resoundingly hard not to take to. It's unflinchingly cheery and earnest, banking hard on every Canadian stereotype in the book without a hint of ironic revisionism. In doing so, it steadily wears the viewer down until it's almost impossible to resist a sheepish smile creeping across their face. It helps that creator Jay Ward's sly sensibility of playing things so ludicrously straight that a sneaky cleverness creeps up (we get a welcome reminder in the film's fantastic, old-timey 'Fractured Fairy tales' opening short) is dutifully replicated, if not perfected, by writer/director Hugh Wilson. He makes particularly good use of a joyfully hokey narrator, and allows occasional cheeky bits to creep in, enough to keep adults from drifting off entirely amidst the lazy slapstick and tritely wholesome morals. For example: here, uber-fiend Snidely Whiplash has evolved past simply tying damsels to train tracks (but don't worry - they've left one such sequence for posterity) to a more devious scheme involving rent-controlled properties and converting the superbly named Semi-Happy Valley into an exploitatively garish, faux gold-rush tourist town. It's a ploy so grotesque that it's, naturally, almost too close to home to laugh at, especially when Ottawa signs off on it for economic stimulation and job creation, leaving contemporary Canadian audiences flinching with unwanted flashbacks to the methodology of a certain unsavoury former administration (but let's not harp on about that).

Sure, there's a bit of a clash between the film's overall rustic (read: cheap) look and the oddly inflated production values in its dance and vehicular chase scenes (though I'll never say no to impromptu tanks in a climactic showdown). And yes, there's a recurring bit involving a First Nations community which isn't as tongue-in-cheek as it'd like to think, dabbling in dubious racial politics (and don't worry - Brendan Fraser gets in on the redface too. Errgh...). It's mitigated (barely) by the superb commentary of how intensely 'authentic' it is, while the Chief later grumbles that they're "basically doing dinner theatre here", with their Riverdance bit being a particularly good seller. But hey - if Wilson's tentative forays into sociopolitical satire aren't for you, there's always a woodland training montage with a gamely silly comedy drunk Eric Idle, a surprisingly tasteful nod to Raiders of the Lost Ark with Alfred Molina, and... y'know...a bit where Dudley crashes around his lodge wearing a giant moose head. And you know you're a hoser if you can't appreciate a giant moose head gag.

Brendan Fraser has built a career around playing adorably dim live action cartoon characters, and is astute enough to play Dudley's clueless earnestness wholly straight. He doesn't have much to work with here, but he pours on the charm like no tomorrow, and is winningly affable for it. Similarly, the always superb Alfred Molina is exquisitely cartoony, bagging the majority of the film's meagre laughs, and embodying Snidely Whiplash's trademark sneer with such outrageous commitment that it's almost alarming to see him turn around and realize he's still a three-dimensional, live action human. The normally intolerable Sarah Jessica Parker delivers the film's most remarkable feat by being...tolerable; in fact, her simpering vacuous Nell is almost likable, even vaguely funny at times (although juxtaposing her apparent slew of postsecondary degrees with her voluminous stupidity is a conceit which wears thin very quickly). Finally, adult viewers caught in the existential throes of 'how did I get here' might recognize Jack Kehler, otherwise known as the Dude's awkward landlord from The Big Lebowski, playing an expanded version of the same character as Snidely's second-in-command here, which brings delights of its own.

Dudley Do-Right is not a good film by any stretch of the imagination, and even the youngest of kids are likely to call the bluff of its lazy, repetitive, shallow attempts at humour. And yet, Wilson's touch is so perennially chipper that the simplistic adventures of everyone's favourite cartoon Mountie here - thanks largely to tireless efforts by Molina, and Fraser's innate, goofy charisma - are still liable to raise a smile. And if you aren't able to suspend some measure of disbelief and ride out Dudley Do- Right with kernels of the most forgiving enjoyment... well then, take off, eh?

-4/10

To criticize Dudley Do-Right on the basis of its story, characters, or plot would be a waste of time as the movie's self aware narrator voiced by veteran voice actor Corey Burton(who scores a decent share of what little humor there is to be had) often glibly and sardonically comments on the proceedings of titular Dudley Do-Right(played by a confused looking Brenden Fraser) and transparently evil mustached villain Snidely Whiplash(played by Alfred Molina and scoring some chuckles here and there). The marketing that unashamedly said "From the creator of George of the Jungle...and the star of George of the Jungle...and the acclaimed director who saw George of the Jungle..." gives an idea of what motivated the production of this film. Despite the tongue in cheek approach to the material, the movies sedate pacing in which 80% of the gags limp across screen longer than they should make this film a chore to sit through even at a brisk running time of about 70 minutes not including credits. Hugh Wilson worked with Brenden Fraser on the comparatively decent Blast from the Past(though admittedly I was not a fan) and even did the first Police Academy film which despite some hiccups I still feel holds up, everyone involved in this movie has done good work before and while this isn't an embarrassing misfire, it still is surprising given the talent involved. If anyone remembers the old Rocky and Bullwinkle show from which the character of Dudley Do-Right originated, the show was more or less a parody of melodramas from the silent film era like The Perils of Pauline. They varied in length from about 5-7 minutes but they were never the draw for the show as a whole as segments like Fractured Fairy Tales, the serialized Rocky & Bullwinkle stories, and Aesop and Son's Fables offered more variety and types of humor than the rather repetitive formula of Dudley Do-Right that while pleasant enough never really offered much in the way of variety. Dudley Do-Right is bland, inoffensive, and mostly harmless, but it's also not nearly as funny asit wants to be with humor free dry patches of choreographed dance sequences, vehicular stunts, and boring dialogue heavy scenes which have fart noises and cartoon whizzes and wooshes painfully shoehorned in a vain attempt to make the movie seem zanier than it is. SIDE NOTE: the budget for this movie was supposedly $70 Million but it looks cheap and ugly and at no point can you see that money on the screen. This movie belongs in the same category as films like Inspector Gadget and Mr. Magoo, taking cartoons that never had much substance to begin with and stretching them out so what little charm and appeal they had in the first place are no longer visible.

What's with the negative comments? Doesn't anyone know who this character is? Clearly the haters have no idea and talk about the lineup of actors who agreed to play the part. In 2020 this is a breath of fresh air from all the cgi super ridiculous hero movies that is rated R violent for adolescents. Great movie great actors and great directing. Stop it the haters and appreciate a beautiful movie live version of an iconic cartoon from the baby-boomers generation. Respect and keep an open mind geesh

One of the suckiest films I've seen!!!

I should say that I couldn't take any more after about 15 mins so I turned it off. I don't think even kids will find it funny. It really underestimates the intelligence of ALL viewers! It's almost an insult from the filmmakers!

After reading nothing but terrible reviews of this movie, I finally felt compelled to weigh in. I loved the Jay Ward comics... their irreverence and ability to be entertaining on both an adult and child level. I found the movie sweetly amusing and very loyal to the classic cartoon. All the actors were great in their roles. The writing was clever.

I gave it to my twin nephews for their birthday, knowing they will enjoy it and my sister will love it. After reading such dreadful reviews, I watched it twice to make certain I wasn't missing something. NO. It's funny.

"It's the script, stupid!" So should the producers of this bomb have been reminded before allowing a single camera to roll.

Basic premise: the audience must empathise with the hero or heroine. We didn't--nothing compelled us to do so. The characters were so poorly developed that empathy was unlikely, at best.

While the cast is superb, their performances are anything but: to a person, each looked embarrassed to participate in this ill-conceived outing. Characterization? Forget it. The director makes no attempt to capture the essence of the cartoon. Where is Dudley's nasal-tenor voice? The inspector's high-tone speech pattern? Nell's ramrod-straight bearing? Snidely's CHIN, for Pete's sake??? (Molina's Snidely is the one almost-OK performance here. Pity that the addition of a moustache isn't enough to transform the moon-faced Molina into the Snidely we hoped to see.)

Skip this one, folks. It won't be hard to do: chances are that its theatrical life will be short indeed.