Topic: Philosophy
Cinema has long been a medium through which complex ideas and profound philosophical concepts are brought to life. From historical dramas to modern narratives, filmmakers have skillfully woven philosophical themes into their stories, inviting audiences to contemplate the nature of existence, ethics, and the human condition. As an enthusiast of philosophy, you'll find this curated list of philosophical movies both captivating and intellectually stimulating. These films traverse the minds of philosophers, challenge conventional wisdom, and stimulate thought-provoking discussions on topics ranging from morality and identity to the pursuit of truth and the quest for meaning.
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- DirectorFred ZinnemannStarsPaul ScofieldWendy HillerRobert ShawThe story of Sir Thomas More, who stood up to King Henry VIII when the King rejected the Roman Catholic Church to obtain a divorce and remarry.Thomas More, born in England (1478-1535) - More's philosophy centers on moral integrity, religious conviction, and the conflict between personal values and political demands.This historical drama follows the life of Sir Thomas More, illustrating his unwavering commitment to his principles in the face of political pressure, showcasing his adherence to his conscience. - Relevant Works: Utopia
- DirectorSebastian KötheStarsNeal GrahamJonathan KrudeTorsten SchoenebergAt the International Philosophy Olympiad teenagers from over fifty countries realize they are not the only ones who love philosophy. Over the course of the competition, the friendship of the German delegates Jonathan and Neal blossoms.Various Philosophers - This documentary series features discussions on various philosophical topics, offering insights into the ideas of prominent philosophers.
- DirectorJohn HuddlesStarsJames D'ArcySophie LoweDaryl SabaraAt an international school in Jakarta, a philosophy teacher challenges his class of twenty graduating seniors to choose which ten of them would take shelter underground and reboot the human race in the event of a nuclear apocalypse.John Huddles - The film presents philosophical thought experiments as a group of students engage in discussions about survival and ethical dilemmas during a simulated apocalypse. - This thriller challenges viewers to consider the moral implications of their decisions when faced with life-and-death scenarios, exploring philosophical concepts in a suspenseful context.
- DirectorAlejandro AmenábarStarsRachel WeiszMax MinghellaOscar IsaacA historical drama set in Roman Egypt, concerning a slave who turns to the rising tide of Christianity in the hope of pursuing freedom while falling in love with his mistress, the philosophy and mathematics professor Hypatia of Alexandria.Alejandro Amenábar - The film depicts the life of Hypatia of Alexandria, a philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer in Roman Egypt. - This historical drama showcases Hypatia's commitment to knowledge, her struggles against religious and political conflicts, and her enduring legacy in the history of philosophy.
- DirectorLiliana CavaniStarsDominique SandaErland JosephsonRobert PowellThe life and ideas of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. A love triangle unfolds as Nietzsche and his best friend decides to live with a Jewish woman. According to Nietzsche's philosophy, that is beyond all morality. Depicting Nietzsche's opium addiction and madness meritorious.Liliana Cavani - The film portrays the life and philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche, focusing on his relationships and intellectual struggles. - This biographical drama delves into Nietzsche's ideas about morality, individualism, and the challenges of living authentically in a complex world.
- DirectorYoussef ChahineStarsNour El-SherifLayla OlwiMahmoud HemidaThe story is set in the 12th century in Arab-ruled Spanish province Andalusia, where famed philosopher Averroes is appointed grand judge by the caliph and his liberal court judgments are not liked by everyone. The caliph's political rivals, centered around the leader of a fanatical Islamic sect, force the caliph to send Averroes into exile, but his ideas keep on living thanks to his students.Youssef Chahine - The film explores the life of Averroes (Ibn Rushd), a medieval Islamic philosopher known for his interpretations of Aristotle and his contributions to philosophy. - This biographical drama sheds light on Averroes' efforts to reconcile reason and faith, highlighting his influence on Islamic philosophy.
- DirectorMichael PaxtonStarsSharon GlessMichael S. BerlinerHarry BinswangerA documentary focusing on the life of novelist and philosopher Ayn Rand, the author of the bestselling novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged and originator of the Objectivist philosophy.Ayn Rand, born in Russia (1905-1982) - Rand's philosophy, Objectivism, promotes individualism, rational self-interest, and laissez-faire capitalism, advocating for the pursuit of one's own happiness.This documentary explores Ayn Rand's life and the ideas that shaped her philosophy, highlighting her contributions to literature and her impact on libertarian thought. - Relevant Works: 'Atlas Shrugged,' 'The Fountainhead'
- DirectorHal AshbyStarsPeter SellersShirley MacLaineMelvyn DouglasAfter the death of his employer forces him out of the only home he's ever known, a simpleminded, sheltered gardener becomes an unlikely trusted advisor to a powerful tycoon and an insider in Washington politics.Jerzy Kosiński, born in Poland (1933-1991) - The film humorously explores the concept of identity as a simple-minded gardener's vague utterances are interpreted as profound wisdom
- DirectorRoberto RosselliniStarsPierre ArditiRita ForzanoGiuseppe AddobbatiBlaise Pascal struggles to understand the natural world around him, in addition to an inner quest for religious faith.Blaise Pascal, born in France (1623-1662) - Pascal's philosophy explores the human condition, the tension between faith and reason, and the concept of the 'Pascal's Wager.'This biographical film delves into Pascal's life and ideas, shedding light on his contributions to both philosophy and mathematics, and his reflections on the nature of belief. - Relevant Works: 'Pensées'
- DirectorHumphrey BurtonStarsLeonard BernsteinJerry HadleyJune AndersonAll's for the best in the best of all possible worlds. Isn't it?Voltaire, born in France (1694-1778) - Voltaire's philosophy is characterized by satire, reason, and criticism of religious intolerance and injustice.This film adaptation of Voltaire's satirical novella 'Candide' satirizes optimism and highlights the absurdities of human existence, offering a commentary on the flaws of society. - Relevant Works: 'Candide,' 'Treatise on Tolerance'
- DirectorRobert ZemeckisStarsTom HanksHelen HuntPaul SanchezA FedEx executive undergoes a physical and emotional transformation after crash landing on a deserted island.Robert Zemeckis - The film explores themes of survival, isolation, and the human condition as a man struggles to survive on a deserted island. - This survival drama prompts philosophical reflection on the human instinct to adapt, the significance of solitude, and the essence of self-discovery.
- DirectorPercy AdlonStarsEva MattesJürgen ArndtNorbert WarthaIn 1914, with men gone to war, Marcel Proust hired Céleste Albaret as his attendant. More than eight years later, she was at his side when he died. During this entire time, she only entered his room when he rang for her, sleeping from 9 AM to 3 PM to wait during the night while he wrote. Marcel uses her as more than a servant: she is his muse, telling stories of her childhood to stir his remembrance of things past; she's in cahoots with him as he manipulates those he wants to draw on for his writing; she listens appalled to his descriptions of the underside of Paris. Hers is a life of love and sweet devotion as he races time to finish his work before death.Søren Kierkegaard, born in Denmark (1813-1855) - Kierkegaard's philosophy focuses on existentialism, faith, and the individual's subjective experience.This film portrays Kierkegaard's complex love life through the lens of his philosophical ideas, exploring themes of passion, despair, and the search for authenticity. - Relevant Works: 'Fear and Trembling,' 'The Sickness Unto Death'
- DirectorSafaa FathyStarsJean-Luc NancyJacques DerridaAn exploration of the life and ideas of Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), arguably the most important philosopher of the 20th Century.Jacques Derrida, born in Algeria (1930-2004) - Derrida's philosophy is associated with deconstruction, questioning binary oppositions, language, and the nature of meaning.This film delves into Jacques Derrida's intellectual journey and impact, revealing his contributions to literary theory, language analysis, and poststructuralism. - Relevant Works: 'Of Grammatology,' 'Writing and Difference'
- DirectorKirby DickAmy ZieringStarsJacques DerridaMarguerite DerridaRené MajorDocumentary about French philosopher (and author of deconstructionism) Jacques Derrida, who sparked fierce debate throughout American academia.Jacques Derrida, born in Algeria (1930-2004) - Derrida's philosophy is associated with deconstruction, questioning binary oppositions, language, and the nature of meaning.This documentary examines the intellectual legacy of Jacques Derrida, exploring his influence on literary theory, philosophy, and cultural criticism. - Relevant Works: 'Of Grammatology,' 'Writing and Difference'
- DirectorJúlio BressaneStarsFernando EirasPaulo JoséMariana XimenesA cinematographic essay, without dialogues, about the months Nietszche spent in Turin, Italy, with narration quoted by his original writings.Friedrich Nietzsche, born in Germany (1844-1900) - Nietzsche's philosophy challenges conventional morality, advocating for the creation of one's values and embracing the 'will to power.'This film transports audiences to Nietzsche's time in Turin, offering insights into his thoughts and struggles during that period, highlighting his philosophical journey. - Relevant Works: 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra,' 'Beyond Good and Evil'
- DirectorFrançois CaillatStarsLeo BersaniGeorges Didi-HubermanDidier EribonCaptures the energy and fierce intellect of the man, introducing us to some of the key elements of his work, while acknowledging--even celebrating--its many contradictions.Michel Foucault, born in France (1926-1984) - Foucault's philosophy examines power, knowledge, and the mechanisms of societal control (1926-1984).This documentary offers insights into Foucault's ideas through his interviews, lectures, and public appearances, shedding light on his views on societal norms and institutions. - Relevant Works: 'Discipline and Punish,' 'The Birth of Biopolitics'
- DirectorJohn HustonStarsMontgomery CliftSusannah YorkLarry ParksAn examination of Czech-Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud's career when he began to treat patients diagnosed with hysteria, using the radical technique of hypnosis.Sigmund Freud, born in Austria (1856-1939) - Freud's philosophy revolutionized psychology, focusing on the unconscious mind, psychoanalysis, and the interpretation of dreams.This adaptation portrays key moments in Freud's life, offering a glimpse into his development of psychoanalytic theories and his influence on modern psychology. - Relevant Works: 'The Interpretation of Dreams,' 'The Ego and the Id'
- StarsDavid SuchetHelen BourneDavid SwiftThe life and times of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis.Sigmund Freud, born in Austria (1856-1939) - Freud's philosophy revolutionized psychology, focusing on the unconscious mind, psychoanalysis, and the interpretation of dreams.In this biographical miniseries, Freud's personal and professional journey unfolds, highlighting his contributions to understanding the human psyche. - Relevant Works: 'The Interpretation of Dreams,' 'The Ego and the Id'
- StarsRobert FinsterElla RumpfGeorg FriedrichYoung Czech-Austrian psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, investigates a murder conspiracy in 1880's Vienna.Sigmund Freud, born in Austria (1856-1939) - Freud's philosophy revolutionized psychology, focusing on the unconscious mind, psychoanalysis, and the interpretation of dreams.This film delves into Freud's groundbreaking work in psychology, exploring his theories and their impact on understanding human behavior and mental processes. - Relevant Works: 'The Interpretation of Dreams,' 'The Ego and the Id'
- DirectorMatt BrownStarsAnthony HopkinsMatthew GoodeLiv Lisa FriesFreud invites iconic author C.S. Lewis to debate the existence of God. And his unique relationship with his daughter, and Lewis' unconventional relationship with his best friend's mother.Sigmund Freud, born in Austria (1856-1939) - Freud's philosophy revolutionized psychology, focusing on the unconscious mind, psychoanalysis, and the interpretation of dreams.This imagined encounter between Freud and C.S. Lewis delves into their discussions on faith, life, and death, showcasing their differing worldviews. - Relevant Works: 'The Interpretation of Dreams,' 'The Ego and the Id'
- DirectorGiuliano MontaldoStarsGian Maria VolontèHans Christian BlechMathieu CarrièreFleeing from his enemies in the Catholic Church, the free thinking philosopher, poet and scientist Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) has found some protection in Venice. But the Roman Inquisition, fearing his influence in Europe, wants to bring him on trial for heresy.Giuliano Montaldo - The film portrays the life of Giordano Bruno, an Italian philosopher and cosmologist who challenged religious dogma in the Renaissance era. - This biographical drama highlights Bruno's courage in defending his ideas, his pursuit of scientific truth, and his ultimate clash with the Inquisition.
- DirectorMargarethe von TrottaStarsBarbara SukowaAxel MilbergJanet McTeerA look at the life of philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt, who reported for 'The New Yorker' on the trial of the Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.Hannah Arendt, born in Germany (1906-1975) - Arendt's philosophy encompasses political theory, totalitarianism, and the nature of power, emphasizing active citizenship and moral responsibility.This biographical drama portrays Hannah Arendt's coverage of the Eichmann trial and her insights into the 'banality of evil,' highlighting her engagement with ethical and political questions. - Relevant Works: 'The Human Condition,' 'Eichmann in Jerusalem'
- DirectorAmanda SthersStarsJames CaanTom HollanderJonathan Rhys MeyersHarry Rosenmerck, an Ashkenazi Jewish American cardiologist, left everything to become a pig farmer in the Holy Land.Amanda Sthers - The film follows a Jewish cardiologist who relocates to a rural farm in Israel, exploring themes of family, faith, and cultural identity. - This comedy-drama navigates the complexities of personal beliefs, family dynamics, and the search for a sense of belonging in a multicultural world.
- DirectorPeter BevanStarsLily BevanRichard BlackfordPhelim DrewDrama-documentary portrait of the great 20th-century French writer.Marcel Proust, born in France (1871-1922) - Proust's philosophy delves into the complexities of memory, time, and the nature of reality (1871-1922).This documentary-style film explores how Proust's insights can offer guidance for living a more meaningful and reflective life, drawing inspiration from his profound observations. - Relevant Work: 'In Search of Lost Time'
- DirectorRuaridh ArrowStarsRobert HelveyJamila RaqibGene SharpHOW TO START A REVOLUTION is the remarkable untold story of Nobel Peace Prize nominee Gene Sharp, the world's leading expert on non-violent revolution. This new film (from first time director Ruaridh Arrow) reveals how Gene's work has given a new generation of revolutionary leaders the weapons needed to overthrow dictators. It shows how his 198 steps to non-violent regime change have inspired uprisings from Serbia to Ukraine and from Egypt to Syria and how his work has spread across the globe in an unstoppable wave of profound democratic change. How To Start A Revolution is the story of the power of people to change their world, the modern revolution and the man behind it all.Gene Sharp, born in the United States (1928-2018) - The film profiles Gene Sharp's ideas on nonviolent resistance and their role in various global movements. - This documentary highlights Sharp's insights into the dynamics of social change, emphasizing the power of nonviolent strategies in challenging oppressive regimes.
- DirectorWoody AllenStarsJoaquin PhoenixEmma StoneParker PoseyA tormented philosophy professor finds a will to live when he commits an existential act.Woody Allen - The film explores philosophical themes of existentialism, moral dilemmas, and the search for meaning in the context of an unexpected love affair. - This fictional narrative delves into the existential crisis of a philosophy professor, examining his internal struggles, ethical choices, and pursuit of purpose in a world devoid of clear meaning.
- DirectorMichel GondryStarsNoam ChomskyMichel GondryRichard FeynmanA series of interviews featuring linguist, philosopher and activist Noam Chomsky done in hand-drawn animation.Noam Chomsky, born in the United States (1928-) - Chomsky's philosophy centers on linguistics, cognitive science, and political commentary, challenging societal norms and advocating for critical thinking.Through animated conversations, this film delves into Chomsky's multifaceted ideas, touching on his linguistic theories, political views, and reflections on society. - Relevant Works: 'Syntactic Structures,' 'Manufacturing Consent'
- DirectorMei HuStarsChow Yun-FatXun ZhouJianbin ChenThe life story of the highly-influential Chinese philosopher, Confucius.Confucius, born in China (551-479 BCE) - Confucius' philosophy emphasizes ethics, morality, and social harmony (551-479 BCE).This biographical film portrays Confucius' life and teachings, exploring his impact on Chinese culture, ethics, and the cultivation of virtue. - Relevant Works: 'Analects'
- DirectorPierre-André BoutangMichel PamartStarsGilles DeleuzeClaire ParnetThe eight-hour series of interviews between Gilles Deleuze and Claire Parnet, filmed by Pierre-André Boutang in 1988-1989. The individual episodes are "A comme Animal," "B comme Boisson," "C comme Culture," "D comme Désir," "E comme Enfance," "F comme Fidélité," "G comme Gauche," "H comme Histoire de la philosophie", "I comme Idée, "J comme Joie", "K comme Kant", "L comme Literature,"M comme Maladie,"N comme Neurologie", "O comme Opéra", "P comme Professeur", "Q comme question," "R comme Résistance", "S comme Style","T comme Tennis","U comme Un", "V comme Voyage", "W comme Wittgenstein, "X & Y comme inconnues," "Z comme Zigzag"Gilles Deleuze, born in France (1925-1995) - Deleuze's philosophy encompasses concepts of difference, multiplicity, and rhizomatic thinking, challenging traditional notions of identity and structure.This documentary series explores Gilles Deleuze's philosophical vocabulary, offering insights into his innovative concepts and their implications for various disciplines. - Relevant Works: 'Difference and Repetition,' 'A Thousand Plateaus'
- DirectorMia Hansen-LøveStarsIsabelle HuppertAndré MarconRoman KolinkaA philosophy teacher soldiers through the death of her mother, losing her book deal, and dealing with a husband who is cheating on her.Mia Hansen-Løve, born in France (1981-) - The film navigates philosophical themes of freedom, identity, and personal transformation as it follows a philosophy teacher facing unexpected changes in her life. - This introspective narrative explores how philosophical ideas impact an individual's sense of self and decision-making, reflecting on the nature of change and the pursuit of authenticity.
- DirectorFederico FelliniStarsMarcello MastroianniAnita EkbergAnouk AiméeA series of stories following a week in the life of a philandering tabloid journalist living in Rome.Federico Fellini, born in Italy (1920-1993) - The film captures the decadence and existential emptiness of post-war Italy's elite society. - This iconic drama explores themes of alienation, disillusionment, and the search for meaning in a world marked by materialism and superficiality.
- DirectorMichel GondryStarsSacha BourdoEmma de CaunesAlain ChabatPresentation of the "Film B" of "The Science of Sleep" Max Linder cinema in Paris. In the presence of its director, Michel Gondry, and some people from the film crew.Michel Gondry - The film blurs the boundaries between dreams and reality as a man struggles to differentiate between his waking life and his vivid dreams. - This surreal exploration invites viewers to ponder the nature of perception, creativity, and the interplay between the conscious and unconscious mind.
- DirectorRaúl RuizStarsCatherine DeneuveEmmanuelle BéartVincent PerezA lush, elegant epic taking us on a time-swirling trip down the infinitely complex labyrinth that is Marcel Proust's memory lane.Marcel Proust, born in France (1871-1922) - Proust's philosophy delves into the complexities of memory, time, and the nature of reality (1871-1922).This film adaptation of Proust's masterpiece 'In Search of Lost Time' explores themes of memory and time, inviting viewers to reflect on the passage of years and the layers of experience. - Relevant Work: 'In Search of Lost Time'
- DirectorIlan Duran CohenStarsAnna MouglalisLorànt DeutschCaroline SilholBiographical film about French writers Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre and their relationship.Simone de Beauvoir, born in France (1908-1986) - De Beauvoir's philosophy focuses on existentialism, feminism, and the exploration of women's freedom and agency (1908-1986).This film portrays the relationship between Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, shedding light on their intellectual partnership, existentialist ideas, and contributions to feminism. - Relevant Works: 'The Second Sex,' 'The Ethics of Ambiguity'
- DirectorLuchino ViscontiStarsMarcello MastroianniAnna KarinaBernard BlierA man faces a trial for murder. The court is biased because of his personal qualities.Albert Camus, born in Algeria (1913-1960) - Camus' philosophy of Absurdism grapples with the inherent meaninglessness of life and the individual's search for purpose.This film adaptation of Camus' novel 'The Stranger' portrays the existential detachment of its protagonist, reflecting the Absurdist themes of the original work. - Relevant Works: 'The Stranger,' 'The Myth of Sisyphus'
- DirectorCordula Kablitz-PostStarsNicole HeestersKatharina LorenzLiv Lisa FriesBorn 1861, Lou Andreas Salomé shuns tradition in pursuit of intellectual perfection, inflaming the hearts and minds of the 19th century's greatest thinkers, including Friedrich Nietzsche, Rainer Maria Rilke, and Sigmund Freud.Lou Andreas-Salomé, born in Russia (1861-1937) - Andreas-Salomé's philosophy explored individualism, psychoanalysis, and personal freedom.This film chronicles the life of Lou Andreas-Salomé, highlighting her friendships with Nietzsche, Freud, and Rilke, and her influence on their work. - Relevant Works: 'The Psychoanalysis of the Sexes,' 'Friedrich Nietzsche: An Intellectual Biography'
- DirectorÉric RohmerStarsJean-Louis TrintignantFrançoise FabianMarie-Christine BarraultA devout Catholic man's rigid principles are challenged during a one-night stay with Maud, a divorced woman with an outsize personality.Éric Rohmer, born in France (1920-2010) - The film engages with philosophical discussions on morality, religion, and love through the interactions of a mathematician with two women during a snowy night. - This intellectual exploration captures the nuances of philosophical conversations, depicting how differing worldviews influence personal decisions and relationships.
- DirectorWoody AllenStarsColin FirthEmma StoneMarcia Gay HardenA romantic comedy about an Englishman brought in to help unmask a possible swindle. Personal and professional complications ensue.Woody Allen, born in the United States (1935-Present) - The film contemplates themes of illusion, skepticism, and romanticism as a magician attempts to debunk a psychic medium's claims. - This romantic comedy-drama engages with the tension between skepticism and the allure of the mysterious, raising questions about the nature of belief and the power of perception.
- DirectorJason BarkerAlexandra WeltzStarsJason BarkerMichael HardtToni NegriMarx Reloaded is a cultural documentary that examines the relevance of German socialist and philosopher Karl Marx's ideas for understanding the global economic and financial crisis of 2008-09. The crisis triggered the deepest global recession in 70 years and prompted the US government to spend more than 1 trillion dollars in order to rescue its banking system from collapse. Today the full implications of the crisis in Europe and around the world still remain unclear. Nevertheless, should we accept the crisis as an unfortunate side-effect of the free market? Or is there another explanation as to why it happened and its likely effects on our society, our economy and our whole way of life? Written and directed by Jason Barker - himself an experienced writer, lecturer, translator and doctor of philosophy - Marx Reloaded comprises interviews with the world's leading philosophers of Marxism, including those at the forefront of a popular revival in Marxist and communist ideas. The film also includes interviews with skeptics of this revival as well as light-hearted animation sequences which follow Marx's adventures through the matrix of his own ideas.Karl Marx, born in Germany (1818-1883) - Marx's philosophy focuses on critique of capitalism, class struggle, and the concept of historical materialism (1818-1883).This documentary delves into Marx's ideas in the context of modern capitalism, exploring his relevance and impact on contemporary discussions. - Relevant Works: 'The Communist Manifesto,' 'Capital'
- DirectorMaurice ClocheStarsPierre FresnayAimé ClariondJean DebucourtSt. Vincent de Paul struggles to bring about peace and harmony among peasants and nobles in the midst of the Black Death in Europe, carrying on his charitable work in the face of all obstacles.Maurice Cloche - The film portrays the life of Vincent de Paul, a Catholic saint known for his compassion and dedication to helping the poor. - This biographical drama celebrates Vincent de Paul's commitment to serving others and illustrates the profound impact of compassion and social responsibility.
- DirectorLouis MalleStarsAndre GregoryWallace ShawnJean LenauerTwo old friends meet for dinner; as one tells anecdotes detailing his experiences, the other notices their differing worldviews.André Gregory and Wallace Shawn - The film engages in philosophical dialogue, discussing life, consciousness, society, and personal experiences during a dinner conversation. - This cinematic exploration features a captivating conversation between two friends, delving into existential questions, societal concerns, and the complexities of human existence, reflecting the power of intellectual discourse.
- DirectorBryan HarleyStarsAndrew IsaacJared MarshallTwo coworkers have a conversation about the philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche.Friedrich Nietzsche, born in Germany (1844-1900) - Nietzsche's philosophy challenges conventional morality, advocating for the creation of one's values and embracing the 'will to power.'This documentary presents an exploration of Nietzsche's life, thoughts, and impact, providing insights into his radical ideas and their influence on philosophy and culture. - Relevant Works: 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra,' 'Beyond Good and Evil'
- DirectorHans-Jürgen SyberbergStarsEinar SchleefThis Ecce Homo is an impressive statement of life beyond the death of an artist "of the descent of Dionysus".Friedrich Nietzsche, born in Germany (1844-1900) - Nietzsche's philosophy challenges conventional morality, advocating for the creation of one's values and embracing the 'will to power.'This film examines Nietzsche's life and writings through the lens of his book 'Ecce Homo,' offering insights into his self-reflection and unique perspective on human existence. - Relevant Works: 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra,' 'Beyond Good and Evil'
- CreatorBenoît LabourdetteThis series of short films is produced on the principle of choosing one of French writer and physicist Blaise Pascal's "Thoughts" and illustrating it, as we will be celebrating the 400th anniversary of his birth in 2023.Blaise Pascal, born in France (1623-1662) - Pascal's philosophy explores the human condition, the tension between faith and reason, and the concept of the 'Pascal's Wager.'This documentary provides an in-depth examination of Pascal's influential thoughts, examining his musings on religion, skepticism, and the pursuit of meaning. - Relevant Works: 'Pensées'
- DirectorMargarethe von TrottaStarsBarbara SukowaDaniel OlbrychskiOtto SanderAfter years of political agitation, Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Liebknecht, and Leo Jogiches form a revolutionary German party, the Spartacists.Margarethe von Trotta - The film chronicles the life of Rosa Luxemburg, a Marxist theorist and activist who fought for social justice and workers' rights. - This biographical drama portrays Luxemburg's dedication to her ideals, her contributions to political thought, and her unwavering commitment to equality.
- DirectorAnya ZinovevaStarsRod BradleyAnthony De LongisNeil FlowersThis is a film which talks about the relevance of great Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau's philosophy and its reexamination for critical thinking.Jean-Jacques Rousseau, born in Switzerland (1712-1778) - Rousseau's philosophy focuses on the role of education in shaping individual character and societal values, advocating for natural education and personal development.This film examines Rousseau's ideas on education, revealing his influential concepts on the development of the human mind and the formation of social contracts. - Relevant Works: 'Emile, or On Education,' 'The Social Contract'
- StarsDenis PodalydèsAnne AlvaroMaya SansaBiographical film about French writer Jean-Paul Sartre, concentrating on his passionate affairs with women.Jean-Paul Sartre, born in France (1905-1980) - Sartre's philosophy centers on existentialism, freedom, and the individual's responsibility in creating their own essence and values (1905-1980).This documentary explores Jean-Paul Sartre's life and ideas, capturing his influential role in shaping existentialist thought and his engagement with political and social issues. - Relevant Works: 'Being and Nothingness,' 'Existentialism is a Humanism'
- DirectorMartin BrestStarsAl PacinoChris O'DonnellJames RebhornA prep school student needing money agrees to "babysit" a blind man, but the job is not at all what he anticipated.Martin Brest - The film delves into themes of honor, integrity, and human connection as a young man becomes the caretaker of a blind, retired Army officer. - This drama highlights the transformative power of empathy and respect, showcasing the potential for individuals to positively impact each other's lives.
- DirectorRoberto RosselliniStarsJean SylvèreAnne CaprileGiuseppe MannajuoloA false accusation leads the philosopher Socrates to trial and condemnation in 4th century BC Athens.Socrates, born in Greece (469-399 BCE) - Socrates' philosophy focuses on ethical inquiry, the Socratic method, and the pursuit of self-knowledge (469-399 BCE).This film adaptation of Rossellini's 'The Age of the Medici' explores the historical context of Socrates' time, providing insights into his influence on classical thought. - Relevant Works: None (Socrates' ideas were primarily recorded by his students)
- DirectorErik GustavsonStarsSilje StorsteinTomas von BrömssenAndrine SætherOne day, ordinary Norwegian girl Sofie receives a videotape on which a certain Alberto Knox talks directly to her from ancient Greece. They start to meet on different occasions as Alberto takes Sofie on an odyssey through the history of philosophy, from ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and all the big revolutions, up to today. Throughout this journey, they realize that they are only fictions of a writer's imagination and start conceiving a plan to escape into reality.Jostein Gaarder, born in Norway (1952-) - This film adaptation of the novel 'Sophie's World' introduces philosophical ideas to a young girl through a mysterious correspondence course, taking her on a journey through the history of philosophy. - Through Sophie's experiences, the film introduces viewers to major philosophical concepts and thinkers, fostering curiosity and exploration of profound ideas.
- DirectorMarc ForsterStarsWill FerrellEmma ThompsonDustin HoffmanI.R.S. auditor Harold Crick suddenly finds his mundane Chicago life to be the subject of narration only he can hear: narration that begins to affect his entire existence, from his work to his love life to his death.Zach Helm, born in the United States (1975-Present) - The film blurs the lines between reality and fiction as an IRS auditor discovers he is a character in a writer's novel. - This comedy-drama explores themes of free will, determinism, and the relationship between creators and their creations, inviting philosophical contemplation on the nature of existence.
- StarsJames BurkeRoger AvonPeter SprouleJames Burke explores key moments in Western History where new knowledge in science changed the way the modern Western world thinks.James Burke, born in the United Kingdom (1936-2021) - Burke's philosophy revolves around the history of science, technology, and their impact on society, highlighting the interconnectedness of knowledge.This TV series traces the evolution of scientific thought and its effects on human perception and societal progress, aligning with Burke's emphasis on the interplay between science and culture. - Relevant Works: 'Connections,' 'The Knowledge Web'
- DirectorNatasa Prosenc StearnsMatias BassoJonathan BeckhardtStarsRay AbruzzoJayne AndersonKilin AskaThis is the story of the first martyr of free speech. Socrates is on trial for his life. He will be put to death. 2,500 years later we remember his words.Socrates, born in Greece (469-399 BCE) - Socrates' philosophy focuses on ethical inquiry, the Socratic method, and the pursuit of self-knowledge.This animated short film depicts the last moments of Socrates' life, highlighting his commitment to philosophical questioning and his willingness to face death for his beliefs. - Relevant Works: None (Socrates' ideas were primarily recorded by his students)
- DirectorKing VidorStarsGary CooperPatricia NealRaymond MasseyAn uncompromising, visionary architect struggles to maintain his integrity and individualism despite personal, professional and economic pressures to conform to popular standards.Ayn Rand, born in Russia (1905-1982) - Rand's philosophy of Objectivism emphasizes reason, individualism, and rational self-interest.This adaptation of Ayn Rand's novel explores themes of individualism, architecture, and the pursuit of one's ideals, highlighting the clash between collectivism and individual creativity. - Relevant Works: 'Atlas Shrugged,' 'The Virtue of Selfishness'
- DirectorRobert RedfordStarsWill SmithMatt DamonCharlize TheronA down-and-out golfer attempts to recover his game and his life with help from a mystical caddie.Robert Redford - The film uses a golf tournament as a backdrop to explore themes of spirituality, self-discovery, and the pursuit of one's authentic path. - This sports drama interweaves Eastern philosophical concepts with the journey of its characters, emphasizing the importance of inner harmony and self-awareness.
- DirectorAlan ParkerStarsKevin SpaceyKate WinsletLaura LinneyA man against capital punishment is accused of murdering a fellow activist and is sent to death row.Alan Parker, born in England - The film addresses philosophical questions about justice, capital punishment, and morality through the story of an anti-death penalty activist accused of murder. - This thought-provoking drama delves into the complexities of ethics and social justice, raising questions about the morality of capital punishment and the flaws within the legal system.
- DirectorRichard SchenkmanStarsDavid Lee SmithTony ToddJohn BillingsleyAn impromptu goodbye party for Professor John Oldman becomes a mysterious interrogation after the retiring scholar reveals to his colleagues he has a longer and stranger past than they can imagine.Richard Schenkman - The film revolves around a college professor who claims to be a 14,000-year-old immortal. - This thought-provoking drama raises questions about the nature of human existence, the passage of time, and the implications of living across millennia.
- DirectorSophie FiennesStarsSlavoj ZizekPhilosopher Slavoj Zizek examines the hidden themes and existential questions asked by world renowned films.Slavoj Žižek, born in Slovenia (1949-) - Žižek's philosophy combines psychoanalysis, Marxism, and cultural criticism, exploring the intersection of ideology, politics, and popular culture.This documentary examines the influence of ideology on daily life, guided by Žižek's insightful commentary on films, literature, and societal norms. - Relevant Works: 'The Sublime Object of Ideology,' 'The Parallax View'
- DirectorPhilipp StölzlStarsTom PayneStellan SkarsgårdOlivier MartinezIn 11th-century Persia, a surgeon's apprentice disguises himself as a Jew to study at a school that does not admit Christians.Philipp Stölzl - The film follows a young man's journey to Persia to study medicine with the great Ibn Sina (Avicenna), exploring themes of knowledge, cultural exchange, and healing. - This historical drama reflects on the power of education, the pursuit of wisdom, and the impact of diverse philosophies on medical practice.
- DirectorPeter WeirStarsJim CarreyEd HarrisLaura LinneyAn insurance salesman discovers his whole life is actually a reality TV show.Peter Weir - The film delves into the concept of reality and personal freedom as it follows a man unknowingly living his life as the star of a reality TV show. - This satirical drama raises questions about the nature of reality, free will, and the influence of media in shaping individuals' perceptions.
- DirectorJulian DoyleStarsJud CharltonRichard FranklinAnnie WalkerWhen the ghost of the composer Richard Wagner visits the raving Friedrich Nietzsche within the walls of the Turin lunatic asylum the details of their dreadful conflict are revealed.Friedrich Nietzsche, born in Germany (1844-1900) - Nietzsche's philosophy challenges conventional morality, advocating for the creation of one's values and embracing the 'will to power' (1844-1900).This film explores Nietzsche's life and ideas, examining his influence on Western thought and his critique of traditional morality. - Relevant Works: 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra,' 'Beyond Good and Evil'
- DirectorAda UshpizStarsHannah ArendtJury AndruchowytschAharon AppelfeldA documentary about the life and work of Hannah Arendt, the prolific and unclassifiable thinker, political theorist, moral philosopher and polemicist, and with her encounter with the trial of Eichmann a high-ranking Nazi.Hannah Arendt, born in Germany (1906-1975) - Arendt's philosophy encompasses political theory, totalitarianism, and the nature of power, emphasizing active citizenship and moral responsibility.This film portrays the life and ideas of Hannah Arendt, highlighting her analysis of political systems, ethics, and the human capacity for action. - Relevant Works: 'The Human Condition,' 'Eichmann in Jerusalem'
- DirectorJohn G. AdolfiStarsGeorge ArlissDoris KenyonMargaret LindsayWriter and philosopher Voltaire, loyal to his king, Louis XV of France, nonetheless writes scathingly of the king's disdain for the rights and needs of his people. Louis admires Voltaire but is increasingly influenced against him by his minister, the Count de Sarnac. Louis's mistress, the courtesan Madame de Pompadour, is Voltaire's protector and advocate, but even she has difficulty preserving his welfare when Voltaire publicly excoriates the king for the wrongful execution of one of his subjects, Calas. Voltaire gives refuge to Calas's daughter and endeavors to show the king the error of his ways. But the Count de Sarnac, with an agenda of intrigue and disloyalty, determines to do away with the troublesome Voltaire.Voltaire, born in France (1694-1778) - Voltaire's philosophy is characterized by satire, reason, and criticism of religious intolerance and injustice.This biographical film delves into Voltaire's life and ideas, capturing his wit, intellectual contributions, and battles against oppression and dogma. - Relevant Works: 'Candide,' 'Treatise on Tolerance'
- DirectorFrancis ReusserStarsClaude RichBarbara SchulzFrançois GermondA Protestant businessman, Jean Calas, is tortured to death for allegedly killing his son to stop him becoming a Catholic. Voltaire launches a Europe-wide campaign to win rehabilitation for Calas and compensation for his family.Francis Reusser - The film depicts Voltaire's involvement in the case of Jean Calas, a Protestant accused of murdering his son due to religious differences. - This historical drama sheds light on Voltaire's advocacy for religious tolerance and justice, highlighting his role in challenging societal prejudices.
- DirectorPinchas PerryStarsBen CrossArmand AssanteJoanna PaculaViennese doctor Josef Breuer meets with philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche to help him deal with his despair.Friedrich Nietzsche, born in Germany (1844-1900) - Nietzsche's philosophy challenges conventional morality, advocating for the creation of one's values and embracing the 'will to power' (1844-1900).This film adaptation of Irvin D. Yalom's novel delves into a fictional encounter between Nietzsche and his therapist, exploring existential themes and the interplay of philosophy and psychology. - Relevant Works: 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra,' 'Beyond Good and Evil'
- StarsRoger ScrutonContemporary philosopher Roger Scruton presents a fascinating argument for the importance of beauty in our art and in our lives, and explores what truly is and is not beautiful, regardless of its beholder.Roger Scruton, born in the United Kingdom (1944-2020) - Scruton's philosophy focuses on aesthetics, conservatism, and traditional values, emphasizing the importance of beauty in art and society.This documentary explores the role of beauty in art, architecture, and culture, echoing Scruton's ideas about the significance of aesthetics in human experience. - Relevant Works: 'The Aesthetics of Music,' 'The Meaning of Conservatism'
- DirectorJean-Paul CarrèreStarsBernard AlaneJean BarneyJean-Louis BarraultVoltaire, born in France (1694-1778) - Voltaire's philosophy is characterized by satire, reason, and criticism of religious intolerance and injustice.This TV movie adaptation of Voltaire's philosophical tale 'Zadig' explores themes of destiny, morality, and the absurdity of human experiences. - Relevant Works: 'Candide,' 'Treatise on Tolerance'
- DirectorG.V. IyerStarsSarvadaman BanerjeeM.V. Narayana RaoManjunath BhattThe first Indian movie to be made in Sanskrit. The movie follows the life and times of Adi Shankaracharya - the founder of the non-duality (Advaita) school of Indian philosophy. The Jiv-Atman or Individual Self is a mere reflection or limitation of Singular Atman in a multitude of apparent individual bodies.The life of Adi Shankaracharya
- DirectorRoberto RosselliniStarsDary BerkaniVirgilio GazzoloCesare BarbettiThis biography tells the life story of Augustine, the Bishop of Hippo, a North African region during the last years of the Roman Empire. The film details Augustine's struggle to maintain religious decorum in a civilization on the verge of plunging into the Dark Ages.
- DirectorLiliana CavaniStarsDominique SandaErland JosephsonRobert PowellThe life and ideas of the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. A love triangle unfolds as Nietzsche and his best friend decides to live with a Jewish woman. According to Nietzsche's philosophy, that is beyond all morality. Depicting Nietzsche's opium addiction and madness meritorious.About the love triangle between Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul Rée and a young Russian intellectual.
- DirectorRoberto RosselliniStarsPierre ArditiRita ForzanoGiuseppe AddobbatiBlaise Pascal struggles to understand the natural world around him, in addition to an inner quest for religious faith.
- DirectorRoberto RosselliniStarsUgo CardeaAnne PouchieClaude BerthyThis made for television film chronicles the illustrious life of French philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650)
- DirectorMei HuStarsChow Yun-FatXun ZhouJianbin ChenThe life story of the highly-influential Chinese philosopher, Confucius.
- DirectorJúlio BressaneStarsFernando EirasPaulo JoséMariana XimenesA cinematographic essay, without dialogues, about the months Nietszche spent in Turin, Italy, with narration quoted by his original writings.
- StarsWinston ChaoFa GaoIssei IshidaA student working on a thesis explores the life of Confucius and the impact of his teachings on modern society.
- DirectorYoussef ChahineStarsNour El-SherifLayla OlwiMahmoud HemidaThe story is set in the 12th century in Arab-ruled Spanish province Andalusia, where famed philosopher Averroes is appointed grand judge by the caliph and his liberal court judgments are not liked by everyone. The caliph's political rivals, centered around the leader of a fanatical Islamic sect, force the caliph to send Averroes into exile, but his ideas keep on living thanks to his students.
- DirectorGiuliano MontaldoStarsGian Maria VolontèHans Christian BlechMathieu CarrièreFleeing from his enemies in the Catholic Church, the free thinking philosopher, poet and scientist Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) has found some protection in Venice. But the Roman Inquisition, fearing his influence in Europe, wants to bring him on trial for heresy.
- DirectorMargarethe von TrottaStarsBarbara SukowaAxel MilbergJanet McTeerA look at the life of philosopher and political theorist Hannah Arendt, who reported for 'The New Yorker' on the trial of the Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem.
- DirectorAlexandre MorattoStarsChristian MalheirosTales OrdakjiJayme RodriguesAfter his mother's sudden death, Socrates, a 15-year-old living on the margins of São Paulo's coast, must survive on his own while coming to terms with his grief.The life of Socrates
- DirectorRaoul PeckStarsAugust DiehlStefan KonarskeVicky KriepsThe early years of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels and Jenny Marx, between Paris, Brussels and London.A biopic about the early life and development of Karl Marx (1818-1883), the German philosopher and revolutionary socialist whose works like The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital influenced Marxist theory.
- DirectorCorrado D'ErricoStarsErmete ZacconiRossano BrazziFilippo ScelzoThe great Greek philosopher Socrates, is accused of corruption of the young.A historical drama about the trial and execution of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates (c. 470-399 BCE), known for his Socratic method and contributions to Western philosophy and ethics.
- DirectorDerek JarmanStarsClancy ChassayJill BalconSally DexterA dramatization, in modern theatrical style, of the life and thought of the Viennese-born, Cambridge-educated philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), whose principal interest was the nature and limits of language. A series of sketches depict the unfolding of his life from boyhood, through the era of the first World War, to his eventual Cambridge professorship and association with Bertrand Russell and John Maynard Keynes. The emphasis in these sketches is on the exposition of the ideas of Wittgenstein, a homosexual, and an intuitive, moody, proud, and perfectionistic thinker generally regarded as a genius.A biopic about the life of Austrian-British philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951), whose work on logic, language, and mathematics influenced analytic philosophy and Western philosophy as a whole.
- DirectorYves BernanosA documentary about the life and philosophy of French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), known for his contributions to probability theory and 'Pascal's wager' on belief in God.
- DirectorKirby DickAmy ZieringStarsJacques DerridaMarguerite DerridaRené MajorDocumentary about French philosopher (and author of deconstructionism) Jacques Derrida, who sparked fierce debate throughout American academia.A documentary about Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), the French philosopher whose methods of literary analysis known as deconstruction had a major impact on continental philosophy and literary theory.
- DirectorAstra TaylorStarsKwame Anthony AppiahJudith ButlerMichael HardtIn Examined Life, filmmaker Astra Taylor accompanies some of today's most influential thinkers on a series of unique excursions through places and spaces that hold particular resonance for them and their ideas.A documentary featuring interviews with several contemporary philosophers including Peter Singer, Slavoj Zizek, and Martha Nussbaum as they explore how their ideas apply in real world contexts.
- DirectorSophie FiennesStarsSlavoj ZizekSlavoj Zizek examines famous films in a philosophical and a psychoanalytic context.A philosophical documentary presented by Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Zizek offering psychoanalytic critiques and analyses of popular films, drawing on key philosophical ideas.
- DirectorAstra TaylorStarsSlavoj ZizekA look at the controversial author, philosopher and candidate for Slovenian presidency: Slavoj Zizek.A biographical documentary following Slovenian philosopher and cultural critic Slavoj Zizek on his speaking tour, highlighting his unique philosophies and critiques of ideology and culture.
- DirectorGorav KalyanRohan KalyanNietzsche wrote that all philosophy is a biography of the philosopher. The life of Alain Badiou suggests that the reverse is also true. The first feature length film on France's most famous living philosopher.A biographical documentary on French philosopher Alain Badiou (b. 1937) exploring his life and influential philosophy which covers topics like being, truth, the event, and the subject.
- DirectorWoody AllenStarsJoaquin PhoenixEmma StoneParker PoseyA tormented philosophy professor finds a will to live when he commits an existential act.A philosophy professor going through an existential crisis finds a new sense of purpose through an act of murder, in this philosophical crime drama by Woody Allen.
- DirectorAlan ParkerStarsKevin SpaceyKate WinsletLaura LinneyA man against capital punishment is accused of murdering a fellow activist and is sent to death row.An anti-death penalty activist and philosophy professor is sentenced to death for murder, in this morally complex crime drama thriller.
- DirectorMia Hansen-LøveStarsIsabelle HuppertAndré MarconRoman KolinkaA philosophy teacher soldiers through the death of her mother, losing her book deal, and dealing with a husband who is cheating on her.Middle-aged philosophy professor Nathalie Chazeaux's (Isabelle Huppert) life is going through a series of separations.
- DirectorDover KoshashviliStarsLior AshkenaziRonit ElkabetzMoni MoshonovZaza is a 31-year old Israeli bachelor, handsome and intelligent, and his family wants to see him married. But tradition dictates that Zaza has to choose a young virgin. She must be beautiful and from a good family, preferably rich. Zaza's parents, Yasha and Lily drag Zaza to meet potential brides and their families. Zaza has no choice. He plays along with his family, advocates of the suffocating traditions of their Georgian Jewish heritage. But Zaza always manages to somehow get out of being engaged. What his parents don't know is that Zaza is already in love. Judith is sensuous, strong and intriguing. She's also a divorcée with a 6-year-old daughter. So Zaza has kept Judith a secret from his family. He will have to choose between respect of the strict confines of family and tradition, or the love of his life.Zaza (Lior Ashkenazi) is a 31-year-old Georgian-Israeli PhD student, studying the philosophy of religion at Tel Aviv University, whose family is trying to arrange a marriage for him within the Georgian community against his will.
- DirectorÁlex de la IglesiaStarsElijah WoodJohn HurtLeonor WatlingAt Oxford University, a professor and a grad student work together to try to stop a potential series of murders seemingly linked by mathematical symbols.A student (Elijah Wood) finds out about mysterious killings in Oxford and helped by a philosopher of mathematics (John Hurt), they reveal the patterns used by the killer.
- DirectorPinchas PerryStarsBen CrossArmand AssanteJoanna PaculaViennese doctor Josef Breuer meets with philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche to help him deal with his despair.A Viennese doctor named Josef Breuer (Ben Cross) meets with Friedrich Nietzsche (Armand Assante) to help him deal with his despair
- DirectorDavid O. RussellStarsJason SchwartzmanJude LawNaomi WattsA husband-and-wife team play detective, but not in the traditional sense. Instead, the happy duo helps others solve their existential issues, the kind that keep you up at night, wondering what it all means.A comedy with existential themes.
- DirectorBernt Amadeus CapraStarsLiv UllmannSam WaterstonJohn HeardPhilosophical conversations between a poet, politician, and scientist.A wide-ranging discussion between three individuals.
- DirectorLouis MalleStarsAndre GregoryWallace ShawnJean LenauerTwo old friends meet for dinner; as one tells anecdotes detailing his experiences, the other notices their differing worldviews.A film featuring philosophical discussions.
- DirectorÉric RohmerStarsJean-Louis TrintignantFrançoise FabianMarie-Christine BarraultA devout Catholic man's rigid principles are challenged during a one-night stay with Maud, a divorced woman with an outsize personality.A film centred around philosophical discussions.
- DirectorAlfred HitchcockStarsJames StewartJohn DallFarley GrangerTwo men try to convince themselves they've committed the perfect murder by hosting a dinner party after strangling a former classmate to death.A film about a Nietzsche-inspired experiment.
- DirectorErik GustavsonStarsSilje StorsteinTomas von BrömssenAndrine SætherOne day, ordinary Norwegian girl Sofie receives a videotape on which a certain Alberto Knox talks directly to her from ancient Greece. They start to meet on different occasions as Alberto takes Sofie on an odyssey through the history of philosophy, from ancient Greece, the Roman Empire, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, and all the big revolutions, up to today. Throughout this journey, they realize that they are only fictions of a writer's imagination and start conceiving a plan to escape into reality.The story of a teenage girl (Silje Storstein) living in Norway, and a middle-aged philosopher (Tomas von Brömssen), who introduces her to philosophical thinking and the history of philosophy; based on a novel by Jostein Gaarder.